Levenson's (1972) IPC Scale was administered to female and male university students in Japan and the United States. Two predictions were confirmed: American students scored in a more internal direction than did Japanese students, and Japanese students feel that they are more controlled by chance or luck than do American students. Another prediction, that Japanese would score higher on control by powerful others, was not confirmed. However, Japanese females were significantly higher than Japanese males in their perception that their lives were controlled by powerful other people in their external world.