To examine some of the relationships between the factor structures of aggressive motives and of child-rearing conditions created by the parents as reported retrospectively, 276 Japanese and 363 Chinese college students were administered the Saarbrucken Aggression Scale (SAS) and the Retrospective Adolescent Socialization Questionnaire (RASQ). RASQ-F referring to the father and RASQ-M referring to the mother. Also, factor structures and the relationships between these factors in Japan and China were compared. Three factors for each sample were extracted using the principal factor analysis from the correlation matrix among SAS items; the factors were then rotated by a normalized varimax criterion. The factor structure of RASQ F showed two factors, and that of RASQ-M presented three factors for each country. There were some factor structure similarities between samples. Multiple regression analysis was applied separately to men and women in both countries in order to explore the relative influence of child-rearing on aggression. Cultural influences of aggressive motives were discussed in relationship to child-rearing conditions.