In the more than f 0 years of its existence behaviorism has invariably drawn the attention of psychologists throughout the world. Behaviorism as viewed by Soviet psychologists is the theme of this article. In criticizing behaviorism, the Soviet scientists adopted a historical approach. Behaviorism was analysed as to its philosophical background which added up to reductionism as manifestation of positivism and neopositivism. One of the most serious articles, critical of behaviorism was L. S. Vygotski's "Consciousness as the problem of the psychology of behavior". The author through that the task of psychology was to study the consciousness. It was shown that the Soviet scientists (Pavlov, Bekteriev, Kornilov and so on) understood behavior as the subject matter of objective psychology. The major defect of behaviorism, as it seems to Soviet psychologists, was caused by the principle S-R. The real road to overcome the postulate of directness of behavior "opens with the introduction in psychology of the category of activity". (Leontiev A. N.)