This paper deals with the Bio-social bases of spatial ability. It reviews sex differences, sex differences in spatial ability, as well as the endocrine bases. The adaptive relationships with the biological environment are also postulated, by contrasting the Temne/agriculturalists and Eskimo hunters, socialization and their adaptive spatial skills, which have been envolved for each ecology. As well, the Temne-Arunta bio-social differences are also contrasted, in terms of adaptive relationships and spatial ability. The Dawson (196G, 1972) Kwaskiorkor/Gynaecomastia feminization experiments are also reviewed. This has important implications, in finding a two-way interaction, between gonadal hormones feminization, and sex-typed socialization which influence sex differences in spatial ability. The important bio-social implications are also discussed, in terms of sex differences and the hormonal bases.