Much experimental finding on gender roles over the past ten years in Japan is divided into three areas. The first area is concerned with the cognitive structure of gender roles. Every investigator cited in the present article has emphasized that the structure of gender roles reveals a unipolar scale rather than a bipolar one. The second is concerned with gender role conflict in female adolescence. Gender role cognition in males was stable, while that in females was less stable. The third is concerned with the effect of others' expectations and modeling on gender role cognition. There has been much research on the relationship between female adolescents and their parents because female adolescents tend to be in conflict regarding acceptance of their gender role.